important final exam study questions: multilingual patterns and policies

In addition to reviewing the "general notes" and the "language area" notes, please become familiar with the answers to these questions:

What are the "4 Ps" which motivate language switching or changing?

What are some examples of diglossic countries?

What are some of the similarities between Japan and other countries (e.g., Italy, Finland) with regard to multilingualism? (Cf. "http://www.ksc.kwansei.ac.jp/~jed/MultilingMulticult/tagengo1994/tagengo.html" or "http://www.ksc.kwansei.ac.jp/~jed/MultilingMulticult/Precedents.html".)

What are the declared national languages of Finland?

Multilingual nations often choose a single standard language, either by declaring an "official" language (e.g., Guatemala) or by the emerging concensus of the people (e.g., the U.S.A.). What are the necessary steps for adopting such a standard language? (Cf. David Crystal, 1997. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge U. Press, 2nd edition.)

What are the official treaty languages of the European Union?

Where are some of the important non-EU-treaty languages of Europe (e.g., Catalan, Basque, Occitan, Friulano) spoken?

What are the national languages of Switzerland?